| Definition |
Decreased blood volume |
Increased blood volume |
| Etiology |
Excessive fluid loss (e.g., bleeding, diarrhea) |
Fluid overload (e.g., excessive fluid intake, impaired fluid regulation) |
| Fluid Balance |
Negative fluid balance |
Positive fluid balance |
| Blood Pressure |
Decreased blood pressure |
Increased blood pressure |
| Heart Rate |
Increased heart rate (compensatory response) |
May be normal or increased depending on underlying cause |
| Capillary Refill Time |
Prolonged |
Normal |
| Skin Turgor |
Decreased |
Normal or increased |
| Urine Output |
Decreased |
May be normal or increased depending on underlying cause |
| Thirst |
Increased thirst |
May or may not have increased thirst |
| Clinical Symptoms |
Dizziness, weakness, fatigue, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output |
Edema, shortness of breath, weight gain, elevated blood pressure |
| Diagnostic Tests |
Blood tests (electrolyte levels, hematocrit), urine specific gravity, vital signs |
Blood tests (electrolyte levels, renal function), urine output measurement, imaging studies (if needed) |
| Treatment |
Fluid replacement (oral or intravenous) |
Fluid restriction, diuretic medications (if necessary), treatment of underlying cause |
| Complications |
Hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, organ dysfunction |
Edema, pulmonary congestion, increased workload on the heart |
Biology Ease Staff asked 1 year ago