Contents:
🫀 Cardiovascular System
- Which of the following is a primary cause of atherosclerosis?
A. Bacterial infection
B. Low blood sugar
✅ C. Endothelial injury
D. Valve stenosis
Explanation: Endothelial injury initiates the inflammatory cascade that leads to plaque buildup. - Myocardial infarction is caused by:
A. Aortic valve regurgitation
B. Decreased pulmonary output
✅ C. Blockage of coronary arteries
D. High systemic calcium levels
Explanation: A blocked coronary artery stops blood flow to heart muscle, causing tissue death. - Hypertension increases the risk of which complication?
A. Hepatitis
B. Pneumonia
✅ C. Stroke
D. Appendicitis
Explanation: High blood pressure can lead to hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes. - Heart failure leads to:
A. Hypervolemia
✅ B. Decreased cardiac output
C. Increased blood viscosity
D. Increased renal filtration
Explanation: Failing heart pumps less blood, reducing perfusion to organs. - In left-sided heart failure, fluid accumulates in the:
A. Legs
✅ B. Lungs
C. Abdomen
D. Pericardium
Explanation: Backflow from the left ventricle causes pulmonary congestion.
🫁 Respiratory System
- Asthma is characterized by:
A. Alveolar destruction
✅ B. Bronchoconstriction
C. Pulmonary fibrosis
D. Pleural effusion
Explanation: Asthma involves airway narrowing and inflammation. - In COPD, airflow limitation is:
A. Fully reversible
B. Caused by pulmonary embolism
✅ C. Progressive and irreversible
D. Due to bacterial toxins
Explanation: COPD causes chronic airway obstruction that cannot be reversed. - The main pathophysiological mechanism in emphysema is:
A. Bronchial infection
✅ B. Alveolar wall destruction
C. Excessive mucus
D. Pleural scarring
Explanation: Emphysema damages alveolar walls, reducing gas exchange surface area. - Pneumonia primarily affects:
A. Bronchioles
✅ B. Alveoli
C. Pleura
D. Trachea
Explanation: Infection inflames alveoli, filling them with fluid or pus. - Pulmonary embolism leads to:
✅ A. Impaired gas exchange
B. Increased surfactant production
C. Bronchial dilation
D. Decreased alveolar surface tension
Explanation: Emboli block blood flow, reducing oxygenation.
🧠 Neurological System
- Parkinson’s disease is due to deficiency of:
A. Serotonin
✅ B. Dopamine
C. Acetylcholine
D. GABA
Explanation: Dopamine-producing neurons degenerate in the substantia nigra. - A common cause of ischemic stroke is:
A. Brain tumor
✅ B. Thromboembolism
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Cerebral aneurysm rupture
Explanation: Clots block cerebral arteries, reducing blood supply. - Multiple sclerosis affects the:
A. Skeletal muscles
✅ B. Myelin sheath
C. Synaptic vesicles
D. Dendritic spines
Explanation: Autoimmune attack leads to demyelination in CNS. - Alzheimer’s disease involves:
✅ A. Amyloid plaque formation
B. Spinal cord compression
C. GABA overproduction
D. Viral encephalitis
Explanation: Alzheimer’s features beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. - Seizures in epilepsy result from:
A. Reduced neurotransmission
✅ B. Excessive neuronal firing
C. Myelin degeneration
D. Spinal nerve impingement
Explanation: Abnormal electrical discharges lead to seizure activity.
🍽️ Gastrointestinal System
- Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by:
A. High fiber diet
✅ B. Helicobacter pylori
C. Gluten intolerance
D. Gallstones
Explanation: H. pylori damages the stomach lining, allowing acid erosion. - Hepatitis affects which organ primarily?
A. Pancreas
✅ B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Spleen
Explanation: Hepatitis is liver inflammation caused by viruses, toxins, or drugs. - In pancreatitis, inflammation is caused by:
A. Liver dysfunction
B. Excess insulin
✅ C. Premature enzyme activation
D. Gastric ulcers
Explanation: Digestive enzymes activate inside the pancreas, damaging tissue. - Cirrhosis results in:
A. Pancreatic atrophy
B. Renal obstruction
✅ C. Fibrosis of liver tissue
D. Loss of appetite only
Explanation: Chronic liver damage leads to scarring and impaired function. - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) involves:
A. Peptic ulcer formation
✅ B. Lower esophageal sphincter weakness
C. Hiatal hernia rupture
D. Gastric bleeding
Explanation: GERD is due to backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.
💉 Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
- Type 1 diabetes is caused by:
✅ A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B. Insulin resistance
C. Excess glucagon
D. Genetic mutations only
Explanation: Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune attack on pancreatic cells. - In hyperthyroidism, metabolic rate is:
A. Decreased
✅ B. Increased
C. Normal
D. Absent
Explanation: Excess thyroid hormone increases cellular metabolism. - Cushing’s syndrome results from:
A. Low cortisol
B. Adrenalectomy
✅ C. Excess cortisol
D. Hypopituitarism
Explanation: Cushing’s is caused by chronic exposure to high cortisol levels. - Graves’ disease causes:
A. Hypothyroidism
✅ B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Hyperinsulinemia
D. Parathyroid disorder
Explanation: It is an autoimmune condition that overactivates the thyroid gland. - Ketoacidosis in diabetes is due to:
A. Low blood sugar
B. High protein intake
✅ C. Fat breakdown
D. Increased insulin
Explanation: Lack of insulin leads to fat breakdown and ketone accumulation.
🦴 Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Osteoporosis is characterized by:
A. Muscle wasting
✅ B. Decreased bone density
C. Cartilage inflammation
D. Tendon rupture
Explanation: Bones become brittle and prone to fractures. - Rheumatoid arthritis is a(n):
A. Genetic disease
B. Infectious arthritis
✅ C. Autoimmune joint disorder
D. Degenerative cartilage loss
Explanation: RA involves immune attack on synovial joints. - Osteoarthritis mainly involves:
A. Immune system activation
✅ B. Cartilage degeneration
C. Bone infection
D. Spinal compression
Explanation: OA leads to gradual wear-and-tear of cartilage. - Gout is caused by:
A. Calcium stones
B. Autoimmune disease
✅ C. Uric acid crystal deposition
D. Vitamin C deficiency
Explanation: Excess uric acid forms crystals in joints. - In muscular dystrophy, muscles:
A. Become calcified
✅ B. Degenerate over time
C. Retain fluid
D. Grow abnormally
Explanation: Muscles progressively weaken and waste away.
🦠 Infectious & Immune Disorders
- HIV primarily attacks which cells?
A. Red blood cells
✅ B. CD4+ T cells
C. Neutrophils
D. B cells
Explanation: HIV targets immune helper T cells, weakening defense. - Sepsis results from:
A. Autoimmunity
B. Local infection
✅ C. Systemic inflammatory response to infection
D. Allergic reaction
Explanation: It’s a life-threatening condition due to widespread infection. - Tuberculosis primarily affects the:
A. Liver
✅ B. Lungs
C. Kidneys
D. Brain
Explanation: TB commonly infects and damages lung tissue. - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a:
✅ A. Multisystem autoimmune disease
B. Bone marrow cancer
C. Viral illness
D. Skin infection
Explanation: SLE affects joints, kidneys, and other organs via immune overactivity. - Anaphylaxis involves:
A. Gradual inflammation
✅ B. Rapid systemic allergic reaction
C. Chronic immune suppression
D. T-cell suppression
Explanation: Anaphylaxis causes life-threatening hypersensitivity.
🧬 Genetic & Developmental Disorders
- Cystic fibrosis affects which system most?
A. Musculoskeletal
✅ B. Respiratory
C. Circulatory
D. Immune
Explanation: Thick mucus blocks airways, leading to frequent lung infections. - Sickle cell anemia is caused by:
✅ A. Mutation in hemoglobin gene
B. Iron deficiency
C. Enzyme disorder
D. Immune attack on RBCs
Explanation: A genetic mutation alters hemoglobin shape, reducing oxygen delivery. - Phenylketonuria (PKU) results in:
A. Liver failure
B. Vitamin D deficiency
✅ C. Phenylalanine buildup
D. Muscle wasting
Explanation: Enzyme deficiency prevents breakdown of phenylalanine. - Down syndrome is caused by:
A. Gene deletion
✅ B. Trisomy 21
C. Mitochondrial mutation
D. Sex chromosome loss
Explanation: It’s due to an extra chromosome 21. - Hemophilia results in:
A. Excess clotting
B. WBC depletion
✅ C. Impaired blood clotting
D. Platelet overproduction
Explanation: A deficiency in clotting factors leads to bleeding.
🩺 Miscellaneous/Other Conditions
- Anemia results in:
✅ A. Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
B. Increased immunity
C. Low blood sugar
D. Clot formation
Explanation: Less hemoglobin means less oxygen delivered to tissues. - Chronic kidney disease leads to:
A. Decreased blood sugar
✅ B. Accumulation of waste products
C. Hypocalcemia correction
D. Increased urine concentration
Explanation: Failing kidneys can’t filter waste efficiently. - Hyperkalemia affects the:
A. Liver
B. Bone
✅ C. Heart
D. Lungs
Explanation: High potassium levels can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. - Obesity contributes to:
✅ A. Insulin resistance
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Dehydration
D. Hypoglycemia
Explanation: Fat accumulation impairs insulin function. - Shock is a state of:
A. High BP
B. Enhanced perfusion
✅ C. Inadequate tissue perfusion
D. Strong pulse
Explanation: Shock reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues. - In hypothyroidism, patients may experience:
✅ A. Fatigue and weight gain
B. Hyperactivity
C. Heat intolerance
D. Tachycardia
Explanation: Low thyroid hormone slows metabolism. - Appendicitis is caused by:
A. Stomach ulcers
✅ B. Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix
C. Bile reflux
D. Enzyme deficiency
Explanation: Blocked appendix becomes inflamed and infected. - Hernias occur due to:
A. Cancer
B. Infection
✅ C. Organ protrusion through weak muscle
D. Hormonal changes
Explanation: Hernias happen when an organ pushes through muscle wall defects. - Varicose veins result from:
A. Hypertension
✅ B. Valve incompetence in veins
C. Clotting disorder
D. Fluid overload
Explanation: Faulty valves cause blood pooling in superficial veins. - Psoriasis is a disorder of the:
A. Bones
B. Immune cells
✅ C. Skin
D. Glands
Explanation: It is a chronic autoimmune skin condition causing rapid cell turnover.