| Definition | Decreased blood volume | Increased blood volume |
| Etiology | Excessive fluid loss (e.g., bleeding, diarrhea) | Fluid overload (e.g., excessive fluid intake, impaired fluid regulation) |
| Fluid Balance | Negative fluid balance | Positive fluid balance |
| Blood Pressure | Decreased blood pressure | Increased blood pressure |
| Heart Rate | Increased heart rate (compensatory response) | May be normal or increased depending on underlying cause |
| Capillary Refill Time | Prolonged | Normal |
| Skin Turgor | Decreased | Normal or increased |
| Urine Output | Decreased | May be normal or increased depending on underlying cause |
| Thirst | Increased thirst | May or may not have increased thirst |
| Clinical Symptoms | Dizziness, weakness, fatigue, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output | Edema, shortness of breath, weight gain, elevated blood pressure |
| Diagnostic Tests | Blood tests (electrolyte levels, hematocrit), urine specific gravity, vital signs | Blood tests (electrolyte levels, renal function), urine output measurement, imaging studies (if needed) |
| Treatment | Fluid replacement (oral or intravenous) | Fluid restriction, diuretic medications (if necessary), treatment of underlying cause |
| Complications | Hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, organ dysfunction | Edema, pulmonary congestion, increased workload on the heart |
Biology Ease Staff asked 2 years ago