Digestive System: Anatomy, Organs and Functions
Introduction The cell requires materials for growth, repair of worn-out structures and source of energy for these activities. The food material we eat serves these purposes. Thus, a regular supply …
Physiology of Vision
Physiology of Vision The rods and cones are two types of photoreceptors that help in transducing light rays into the receptor potential. The retina of each eye contains about 6 …
Peripheral Nervous System
Introduction The two principle divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of brain and spinal cord, integrates and …
Lymphatic system: Components and Functions
Introduction The lymphatic system is a major part of the body’s immune system. The lymphatic system is a subset of the circulatory system, with a number of actions. The lymphatic …
Hemostasis: Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Hemostasis It is the instinctive response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood. Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside the body or blood vessels. Three mechanisms …
Types of White Blood Cells (WBC)
White Blood Cells White blood cells are important components of the blood. They are found in the blood and lymphatic tissue. On centrifugation of a blood sample, a thin layer …
Red Blood Cells: Structure, Function and Life Cycle
Red blood cells or erythrocytes contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives the red color to blood. Characteristics of RBCs Count: 5.4 million RBCs per microliter (ul) of blood in …
Classification of Joints
Arthrology: It is the branch of science concerned with the study of anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment of joints and articulations. Joint (Articulation): It is a point of contact between …
Cultivation of viruses
Experiment 1 Aim: Cultivation of viruses in the cell line method. Introduction Viruses are acellular pathogenic organisms that rely on the host cells for their multiplication and growth because of …
Microbial assay and its methods
Introduction The microbiological assay is a standard analytical method used to check the potency of antibiotics. It can be demonstrated by checking the inhibitory effect of antibiotics against specific kinds …
Biochemical Tests
Biochemical Tests Identification of microorganisms is done in two steps; Step I: Examination under the microscope Step II: Biochemical test for final confirmation. Examination of microorganisms under microscopical examination, biochemical …
Skin: Structure and Function
Introduction The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the human body. The integumentary system helps to maintain a constant …
Cell Division and Cell Cycle
Cell Division and Cell Cycle Cell Division It is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. These cells divide once approximately every 24 …
Transport across plasma membrane
Transport across plasma membrane is carried out by two different processes diffusion and active transport, they are further divided into various methods. (A) Diffusion Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis (B) …
Male Reproductive System: Structure & Functions
Male Reproductive System: Structure & Functions Reproduction is one of the important characters of life. New species are produced as a result of reproduction and genetic material is passed from …
Physiology of Kidneys
Physiology of Kidneys Kidneys from urine by filtration and secretion of waste materials from the blood. In addition, the selective reabsorption by tubular cells contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis …
Urinary System: Anatomy, Structure, Function
Introduction For body cells to function effectively, their environment should be maintained relatively constant (homeostasis). Continuous working of cells necessitates utilization of nutrients (glucose) and oxygen and results in the …
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Definition, Structure, Function
Definition Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a small molecule present in cells. It acts as a coenzyme and is a unit for the transfer of metabolic energy. It transports chemical energy …
Tissues of the Human Body
Tissues of the Human Body Introduction A tissue is a group of cells having a common embryonic origin that functions together to carry out specialized activities. Tissues may be hard …
Connective Tissue: Types, Structure and Function
Connective Tissue It is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue system in the body. It binds together, supports and strengthens other body tissues as well as protects and insulates …