Protoplasm
Protoplasm The cessation of visible activities is due to the cessation of activities within the substance of the …
Nitrogenous Excretion
Nitrogenous Excretion Nitrogenous excretion is the removal of nitrogenous waste substances of metabolism. Nitrogenous waste substances During protein …
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is concerned with the regulation of body fluid solute concentration in the animal and the maintenance …
ASTHMA: THE OVERVIEW.
ASTHMA: THE OVERVIEW. Asthma is a disease of the airways to the lungs. It may make some physical …
Lymphatic System And Lymph
Lymphatic System And Lymph Lymph In mammals, most tissue fluid is withdrawn back into the blood by osmosis …
Hypersensitivities, Autoimmunity and Immunization
Hypersensitivities A vigorous immune reaction can result in tissue damage to ‘self’; such reactions are termed hypersensitivities and …
Immune Responses
Immune Responses Adaptive immune Responses In the secondary lymphoid organs, T and B cells undergo further mitosis in …
The Immune System
Immunity The immune system describes a set of the major defense mechanisms to protect the body against invasion …
The Mammalian Heart
Heart structure The heart is a muscular pump whose walls are largely made up of cardiac muscle anchored …
Components of Blood
Components of Blood A 75 kg human has about 4 liters of blood, comprising about 8% of body …
Blood And Circulation
Functions of Blood Except in very small animals (e.g. flatworms) or those with very low metabolic rates (e.g. …
Measurement of Total Adiposity in Obesity
Introduction The organization of human body composition with an emphasis on body adiposity. The human body can be …